Excercise

Meeting 4
Exercise 4 : Articles
1. Jason's father bought him a bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday.
0. There are only a few seats left for the tonight's musical at a university

Excercise

NPM : 13214210

Meeting 3
Exercise 3 : Determiners
1. He doesn't have much money
0. This jackets costs too much 


Meeting 4
Exercise 4 : Articles
1. Jason's father bought him a bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday.
0. There are only a few seats left for the tonight's musical at a university

THE NOUN PHRASE

 The noun phraser is a group of words thet ends with a noun. It can countain deteriners (the, a, this, etc ), adjectives. adverbs, and nouns. It CANNOT begin with a preposition. Remember that both subjects and complements are generally noun phrases.

COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUN

A count noun is one that can be counted.

book - one book, two books, three books,...

Student - one student, two students, three students,...

person - one person, two people, three people,...

a non count noun is one that cannot be counted.

milk - you cannot say one milk, two milks, ..

It is possible, however, to count some non-count nouns if the substance is placed in a countable countainer.

glass of milk - one glass of milk, two glasses of milk,..

Some dererminers can be used only with count or non-count nouns. While others can be used with either. Memorize the word in the following chart

WITH COUNT NOUNS	WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS
a(n),the,some, any this, that, these, those none, one, two, three,.. many a lot of a large / a great number of (a) few Fewer...than More....than	The, some, any This, that None Much (usually in negatives or questions) A lot of A large amount of (a) little Less...than More...than

It is very important to know if a noun is count or non-count. Be sure that you know the plurals or irregular count nouns. The following list contains some irregular count nouns that you should know.

Person-people	Child-children	Tooth-teeth
Foot-feet	Mouse-mice	Man-men
Woman-women

The following list contains some non-count nouns that you should know

Sand	Soap	Physics	Mathematics
News	mumps	Air	Politics
Measles	Information	Meat	Homework
Food	economics	Advertising*	Money

*NOTE : Although avertising is a non-count noun, advertiser isa count noun. If you wish to speak of one particular advertisement, you must use this word.

There are too many advertisements during television shows.

There is too much advertising during television shows.

Some non-count nouns, such as food, meat, money, and sand, maybe used as count nouns in order to indicate different types.

This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbdden me to eat.     (indicates a particular type of food)

He studies meats.     (for example, beef, pork, lamb, etc)

A AND AN

A or an can precede only singular count nouns, they mean one. They can be used in a general statement or to introduce a subject which has not been previously mentioned.

A baseball is round.	(general-means all baseballs)
I saw a boy in the street	We don't know which boy

An is used before words that begin with a vowel sound. A is used before words that begin with a consonant sound.

a book                         an apple

Some words can be confusing because the spelling does not indicate the pronounciation.

A house	(begins with a consonant sound)
An hour	(begin with a vowel sound)
A university	(begin with a consonant sound)
An umbrella	(begin with a vowel sound)

The following words begin with a consonant sound and thus must always be preceded by a.

European	Eulogy	Euphemism	Eucalyptus
House	Home	Heavy	Half
uniform	university	Universal	Union

The following words begin with a vowel sound and thus must always be proceded by an.

Hour	Heir	Herbal	Honor
uncle	umbrella	Unnatural	understanding

THE

The is used to indicate something that we already know about or something that is common knowledge.

The boy in the corner is my friend.	(the speaker and the listener know which boy)
The earth is round.	(there is only one earth)

Use the following generalizations as a guide for the use of article the.

Use THE with	Don't use THE with
Oceans,rivers,seas,gulfs,plural lakes   The red sea, the athletic   Ocean, the persian gulf, the great lakes	Singular lakes     Lake geneva, lake eric
Mountains   The rocky mountains, the andes	Mounts     Mount vesuvius, mount McKinley
Earth, moon    The earth, the moon	Planets, constellations     Venus, mars, earth, orion.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations", she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

 Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

For example:

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.	He said he was going to the cinema.

Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple  She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple  She said it was cold.
Present continuous  She said, "I'm teaching English online"	›	Past continuous  She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple  She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous  She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple  She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect  She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous  She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect  She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect  NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous  NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, "I can teach English online."	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."	›	had to  She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, "May I open a new browser?"	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said.	He said he might go to the cinema.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.	She said her name was Lynne. or She said her name is Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.

Direct speech (exact quote)	Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech", she said.	She said next week's lesson will be on reported speech.

Time change

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.

For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the 

time and place of reporting.

Now	+ 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations."	She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations. or She said yesterday's lesson would be on presentations.

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening)	›	that (evening)
Today	›	yesterday ...
these (days)	›	those (days)
now	›	then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
last weekend	›	the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here	›	there
next (week)	›	the following (week)
tomorrow	›	the next/following day

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).

For example:-

At work	At home
"How long have you worked here?"	She asked me how long I'd worked there.

Pronoun change

In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.

For example:

Me	You
"I teach English online."	Direct Speech She said, "I teach English online." "I teach English online", she said. Reported Speech She said she teaches English online. or She said she taught English online.

- See more at: http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.html#sthash.WSFZzUBF.dpuf

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.html